Japanese calligraphy (??, shod?) is a form of calligraphy, or artistic writing, of the Japanese language. For a long time, the most esteemed calligrapher in Japan had been Wang Xizhi, a Chinese calligrapher in the 4th century, but after the invention of Hiragana and Katakana, the Japanese unique syllabaries, the distinctive Japanese writing system developed and calligraphers produced styles intrinsic to Japan. The term shod? (??) is likely derived from Chinese origin as it is widely used to describe the art of Chinese calligraphy during the Chinese Tang dynasty period.
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Techniques
Early Japanese calligraphy was originated from Chinese calligraphy and many of its principles and techniques are very similar and recognizes the same basic writing styles:
- seal script (??, tensho) (pinyin: zhuànsh?)
- clerical script (??, reisho) (pinyin: lìsh?)
- regular script (??, kaisho) (pinyin: k?ish?)
- semi-cursive (??, gy?sho) (pinyin: xíngsh?)
- cursive (??, s?sho) (pinyin: c?osh?).
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Tools
In modern calligraphy, a number of tools are used to make a composition.
- Most basic four tools were collectively called Four Treasures of the Study (????, bunb? shih?).
- A brush (?, fude)
- An inkstick (?, sumi). The best inksticks are between 50 and 100 years old.
- Mulberry paper (??, washi)
- An inkstone (?, suzuri) to grind the inkstick against, mixed with water.
- Other tools include:
- A paper weight (??, bunchin) to hold the paper in place
- A cloth (???, shitajiki) to place under the paper (often newsprint is used as well) to prevent ink from bleeding through.
- A seal (?, in). The art of engraving a seal is called "tenkoku" ??. The student is encouraged to engrave his own seal. The position of the seal or the seals is based on aesthetic views. One is not allowed to put a seal on a sutra's calligraphy.
During preparation, water is poured into the inkstone and the inkstick is ground against it, mixing the water with the dried ink to liquefy it. As this is a time-consuming process, modern-day calligraphy provides liquid ink in a bottle called Bokuju (??, bokuj?) and is frequently used by beginners. More advanced students are encouraged to grind their own ink. Paper is usually placed on a desk, while a large paper may be placed on the floor, or even on the ground (often as a performance).
The brushes come in various shapes and sizes, and are usually made using animal hair for the bristles. Typical animal hair may come from goats, sheep, horse-hair, etc. The handle may be made from wood, bamboo, plastic or other materials.
History
Chinese roots
The Chinese roots of Japanese calligraphy go back to the twenty-eighth century B.C., to a time when pictographs were inscribed on bone for religious purposes. When this writing developed into an instrument of administration for the state, the need for a uniform script was felt and Li Si, prime minister in the Chinese dynasty of Qin, standardized a script and its way of being written. He sanctioned a form of script based on squares of uniform size into which all characters could be written from eight strokes. He also devised rules of composition where horizontal strokes are written first and characters are composed starting from top to bottom, left to right. Because the symbols were inscribed with sharp instruments, the lines were originally angular and in many ways Li Si's achievements were made obsolete by the appearance of brush and ink (see Chinese calligraphy). The ink-wet brush creates a line quite different from a sharp stylus. It affords variation in thickness and curve of line. Calligraphy retained the block form of Li Si and his eight strokes but the writer was free to create characters that emphasized aesthetically pleasing balance and form. The way a character was written gave a message of style.
Calligraphy in the Chinese tradition was thus introduced to Japan about 600 A.D. Known as the karay? (??) tradition, it has been practiced up to today, rejuvenated continuously through contact with Chinese culture.
The oldest existing calligraphic text in Japan is the inscription on the halo of the Medicine Buddha statue in the H?ry?-ji Temple. This Chinese text was written in Shaky?tai (???) style, prominent in the Chinese Six Dynasties period.
Before the Nara period
The H?ry?-ji Temple also holds bibliographic notes on the Lotus Sutra: the Hokke Gisho (????) was written early in the 7th century and is considered the oldest Japanese text. It is written in Cursive script and illustrates that calligraphy in the Asuka period was already refined to a high degree.
The oldest hand-copied sutra in Japan is the Kong? J?daraniky?. Copied by the priest H?rin in 686 A.D., the calligraphy style shows influences from the work of Ouyang Xun.
"Broken Stone in Uji Bridge" (?????, ujibashi danpi) (mid-7th century) and Stone in Nasu County "Stone in Nasu County" (?????, nasu kokuz? hi) are also typical examples from this time. Both inscriptions were influenced by the Northern Wei robust style.
In the 7th century, the Tang dynasty established hegemony in China. Their second Emperor Taizong esteemed Wang Xizhi's calligraphic texts and this popularity influenced Japanese calligraphers. All of the original texts written by Wang Xizhi have been lost, and copies such as Gakki-ron (???) written by the Empress K?my? are highly regarded as important sources for Wang Xizhi's style. However Wang's influence can barely be overstated, in particular for the way? (??) style unique to Japan: "Even today, there is something about Japanese calligraphy that retains the unchanged flavour of Wang Xizhi's style".
Heian period
Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Heij?-ky? in Nara, first to Nagaoka-ky? in 784, and then to Heian-ky?, Kyoto in 794. This marks the beginning of the Heian era, Japan's "golden age". Chinese influences in calligraphy were not changed in the early period. For example, under the Emperor Saga's reign, royalty, the aristocracy and even court ladies studied calligraphy by copying Chinese poetry texts in artistic style.
Wang Xizhi's influences remained dominant, which are shown in calligraphies written by K?kai or Saich?. Some other Chinese calligraphers, such as Ouyang Xun and Yan Zhenqing were also highly valued. Their most notable admirers were Emperor Saga and Tachibana no Hayanari respectively.
At the same time, a style of calligraphy unique to Japan emerged. Writing had been popularized, and the kana syllabary was devised to deal with elements of pronunciation that could not be written with the borrowed Chinese characters. Japanese calligraphers still fitted the basic characters, called kanji (??), into the squares laid out centuries before. A fragment, Kara-ai no hana no utagire (?????, 749 A.D.) is considered the first text to show a style unique to Japanese calligraphy; it shows a Tanka (??) poem using Man'y?gana, thus deviated from contemporary Chinese calligraphy. Ono no Michikaze (894-966 A.D.), one of the so-called sanseki (??, "Three Brush Traces"), along with Fujiwara no Sukemasa and Fujiwara no Yukinari, is considered the founder of the authentically Japanese way? (??) style, or way?-shod? (????). This development resonated with the court: K?kai said to Emperor Saga, "China is a large country and Japan is relatively small, so I suggest writing in a different way." The "Cry for noble Saich?" (?????, koku Saich? shounin), a poem written by Emperor Saga on the occasion of Saich?'s death, was one of the examples of such a transformation. Ono no Michikaze served as an archetype for the Sh?ren-in school, which later became the Oie style of calligraphy. The Oie style was later used for official documents in the Edo period and was the prevailing style taught in the terakoya (???) schools of that time.
Kamakura and Muromachi period
The ascension of Minamoto no Yoritomo to the title of shogun, following the H?gen and Heiji rebellions, and the victory of the Minamoto clan over the Taira, marked the beginning of the Kamakura period (1185-1333 A.D.), but not quite yet to a return to peace and tranquility. The era is sometimes called "the age of the warriors" and a broad transition from court influences to a leading role of the military establishment pervaded the culture. It is also, however, a time when exchanges with China of the Song dynasty continued and Buddhism greatly flourished. Zen monks such as Shunjo studied in China and the copybooks that he brought with him are considered highly influential for the karay? (??) tradition of the time, expressing a clear kaisho style. But this was not the only example, indeed a succession of Chinese monks were naturalized at that time, encouraged by regent H?j? Tokiyori. Rankei Dory? founded the Kench?-ji temple in Kamakura and many of his works have been preserved. However, with the rise of the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism a less technical style appeared, representative of Zen attitudes and exemplified in the works of Mus? Soseki who wrote in a refined sosho style, or Sh?h? My?cho (1282-1337; better known as Daito Kokushi), the founder of Daitoku-ji in Kyoto, who had not traveled to China to study. In terms of way? (??) style, the works of Fujiwara no Shunzei and Fujiwara no Teika are considered outstanding examples of the late Heian and early Kamakura.
Political and military unrest continued throughout the Muromachi period (1336-1537 A.D.), characterized by tensions between imperial and civil authority and periods of outright civil war. However, as Ashikaga Takauji had ousted Emperor Go-Daigo from Kyoto to establish his own bakufu there, the intermingling of residual members of the imperial court, courtiers, daimy?s, samurai, and Zen priests resulted in vibrant cultural impulses. The arts prospered, but are not considered as refined as that of earlier times. Of note is the role of Ikky? S?jun, a successor of Sh?h? My?cho at Daitoku-ji; Ikky? was instrumental in elevating the appreciation of calligraphy to an integral part of the tea ceremony in the 15th century.
Edo period
Tokugawa Ieyasu centralized power in his shogunate between 1603 and 1615. This marked the beginning of the Edo period, which brought 250 years of relative stability to Japan, lasting until the second half of the 19th century. The period was marked by seclusion from overseas influences with the Sakoku (??, "locked country" or "chained country") policy. Calligraphic studies were essentially limited to the study of karay? (??) style works, via Ming-dynasty China. Indigenous developments were contributed by Ingen and the ?baku sect of Zen buddhism, and the Daishi school of calligraphy. The latter focused on the study of the "eight principles of the character yong" (????, eiji happ?), which go back to Wang Xizhi, and the 72 types of hissei ("brush energy") expounded by Wang Xizhi's teacher, the Lady Wei. The 1664 reprint of a copybook based on these principles in Kyoto contributed an important theoretical development. Calligraphers such as Hosoi Kotaku, who authored the five-volume Kanga Hyakudan in 1735, further advanced the karay? (??) style. Very characteristic for the early Edo period was an innovation by Hon'ami K?etsu (1558-1637) who had paper made to order and painted a backdrop of decorative patterns, butterflies or floral elements that his calligraphy established a poetic correspondence with. Together with Konoe Nobutada (1565-1614) and Sh?kad? Sh?j? (1584-1639) - the three Kan'ei Sanpitsu (????) - he is considered one of the greatest calligraphers in the way? (??) style at the time, creating examples of "a uniquely Japanese calligraphy".
Around 1736 Yoshimune began relaxing Japan's isolation policy and Chinese cultural imports increased, in particular via the port of Nagasaki. Catalogues of imported copybooks testify to a broad appreciation of Chinese calligraphers among the Japanese literati who pursued the karay? style: "traditionalists" studied Wang Xizhi and Wen Zhengming, while "reformists" modeled their work on the s?sho style of calligraphers such as Zhang Xu, Huaisu and Mi Fu. In terms of way?, Konoe Iehiro contributed many fine kana works but generally speaking, way? style was not as vigorously practised as karay? at that time. Nevertheless, some examples have been preserved by scholars of kokugaku (??, National studies), or poets and painters such as Kaga no Chiyo, Yosa Buson or Sakai H?itsu.
Today
Calligraphy is an elementary school subject in the Japanese mandatory education system. In high school, calligraphy is one of the choices among art subjects, along with music or painting. It is also a popular high school club activity, particularly with the advent of performance calligraphy. Some universities, such as University of Tsukuba, Tokyo Gakugei University and Fukuoka University of Education, have special departments of calligraphic study that emphasize teacher-training programs in calligraphy.
Japanese calligraphy has also fascinated many Western artists through the centuries -- mainly calligraphers themselves, but famous artists as well, who studied and practiced calligraphy as a parallel to their own art (see also list of prominent calligraphers).
Connection to Zen Buddhism
Japanese calligraphy was influenced by, and influenced, Zen thought. For any particular piece of paper, the calligrapher has but one chance to create with the brush. The brush strokes cannot be corrected, and even a lack of confidence shows up in the work. The calligrapher must concentrate and be fluid in execution. The brush writes a statement about the calligrapher at a moment in time (see Hitsuzend?, the Zen way of the brush). Through Zen, Japanese calligraphy absorbed a distinct Japanese aesthetic often symbolised by the ens? or circle of enlightenment.
Zen calligraphy is practiced by Buddhist monks and most shod? practitioners. To write Zen calligraphy with mastery, one must clear one's mind and let the letters flow out of themselves, not practice and make a tremendous effort. This state of mind was called the mushin (??, "no mind state") by the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitaro. It is based on the principles of Zen Buddhism, which stresses a connection to the spiritual rather than the physical.
Before Japanese tea ceremonies (which are connected to Zen Buddhism), one is to look at a work of shod? to clear one's mind. This is considered an essential step in the preparation for a tea ceremony.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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